![]() Temporal unfolding of auditory hallucinations (AHs) in clinical and nonclinical populations (the boxes shaded in gray represent processing that maybe more characteristic of schizophrenia and that differentiate clinical and nonclinical AH): In this model, AH arise from an interaction between (a) signals arising from overactivation of auditory brain neural activity and (b) a range of top-down mechanisms that produce a highly complex and multidimensional experience. Our model is distinctively powerful in explaining a range of phenomenological characteristics of AH across a spectrum of disorders. Emotional factors play a particular prominent role at all levels of this hierarchy. We suggest that AHs arise from an interaction between abnormal neural activation patterns that produce salient auditory signals and top-down mechanisms that include signal detection errors, executive and inhibition deficits, a tapestry of expectations and memories, and state characteristics that influence how these experiences are interpreted. Finally, we put forward an integrated model of AHs that incorporates the above findings. Second, consistent with SZ studies, findings in other population groups point to the role of top-down processing, abnormalities in executive inhibition, and negative emotions. First, SZ studies show that the cognitive underpinnings of AHs include self-source-monitoring deficits and executive and inhibitory control dysfunctions as well as distortions in top-down mechanisms, perceptual and linguistic processes, and emotional factors. The objectives of this article were to (1) present an up-to-date review regarding the cognitive mechanisms of AHs in SZ, (2) review findings from cognitive research conducted in other clinical and nonclinical groups, and (3) integrate these recent findings into a cohesive framework. ![]() Recent advances derived from SZ studies can therefore be utilized to make substantial progress on AH research in other groups. The use of Internet-connected graphics environments holds promise for public education about mental illness.While the majority of cognitive studies on auditory hallucinations (AHs) have been conducted in schizophrenia (SZ), an increasing number of researchers are turning their attention to different clinical and nonclinical populations, often using SZ findings as a model for research. Integration of the evaluation survey into the environment itself was possible. ![]() Of the survey responders, 440 (76%) thought the environment improved their understanding of auditory hallucinations, 69% thought it improved their understanding of visual hallucinations, and 82% said they would recommend the environment to a friend.Ĭomputer simulations of the perceptual phenomena of psychiatric illness are feasible with existing personal computer technology. Eight hundred sixty-three self-referred users took a self-guided tour.įive hundred seventy-nine (69%) of the users who toured the environment completed a survey. ![]() This is a pilot project using Second Life, an Internet-based virtual reality system, in which a virtual reality environment was constructed to simulate the auditory and visual hallucinations of two patients with schizophrenia. The authors evaluate an Internet virtual reality technology as an education tool about the hallucinations of psychosis. ![]()
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